MicroController

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) protocol is a widely used method for communication between microcontrollers and other devices. UART is a simple, reliable, and efficient serial communication standard that is integral to many embedded systems, communication devices, and computer hardware. This article delves into the fundamental aspects of the UART protocol, its components, working principles, and its various applications.

The Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol is a widely used communication standard that enables low-speed, short-distance communication between microcontrollers, sensors, and peripheral devices in embedded systems. Developed by Philips Semiconductors (now NXP) in the 1980s, I2C has become a go-to protocol for connecting various components on a circuit board due to its simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility.

The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol is a widely used communication standard that facilitates data exchange between microcontrollers and peripheral devices such as sensors, memory modules, displays, and other digital systems. Developed by Motorola in the mid-1980s, SPI has become a standard for high-speed, full-duplex communication in embedded systems and electronics.

Modbus is a widely used communication protocol in industrial automation, enabling devices to communicate over serial lines and Ethernet. Developed in the late 1970s by Modicon (now part of Schneider Electric), it has become a standard for connecting industrial electronic devices. Its simplicity, open nature, and reliability have made it the go-to choice for numerous applications.